Revised analog panel voltmeter clock built with CNC-milled wood enclosure, bent side walls, and AVR128DB28 MCU using PWM-free pin toggling to drive meters.
Key Takeaways
Three $9 Baomain 65C5 panel voltmeters from Amazon get custom adhesive decals: 13-division hour face, 61-division minute and second faces for continuous hand motion.
No DAC needed: a high-frequency digital pulse train exploits meter inertia to settle the needle at the correct duty-cycle position.
AVR128DB28 runs a 10 Hz counter via crystal-synchronized timer interrupt; main loop manually toggles PC0/PC1/PC2 pins, skipping the hardware PWM module entirely.
Wood bending without a steam jig: internal kerfs plus moistening and clamping over a shaped template, then glued with a plywood external template for fit.
Nitrocellulose lacquer finish over CNC-milled front and back; recessed decorative pattern hides the meters’ plastic flanges.
